On 1949, 26th November, the constitution of India was passed by the Constituent Assembly; on 26th January 1950, it came into effect. Indian Constitution had 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules at the time of commencement in the year 1950. Currently, the Constitution of India comprises 470 articles in 25 parts, 12 schedules and 5 appendices. There are 104 amendments have been made in the Indian constitution till the date.
Parts in the Constitution of India
Subject Matter
Total Articles Covered
The Union and its territory
Directive Principles of State Policy
The Union Government
The State Governments
The Union Territories
The Co-operative Societies
The Scheduled and Tribal Areas
Relations between the Union and the States
Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits
Trade, Commerce and Intercourse within the Territory of India
Services under the Union and the States
Special Provisions relating to Certain Classes
Amendment of the Constitution
Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions
Short title, Commencement, Authoritative Text in Hindi and Repeals
Articles from 52 to 78
Legislative Powers of President
Comptroller and Auditor-General of India
The State Legislature
Legislative Powers of Governor
The High Courts
Articles from 245 to 255
Articles from 264 to 291
Property, Contracts, Rights, Liabilities, Obligations and Suits
Right to Property
Articles from 308 to 314
Public Service Commissions
Language of the Union
Articles from 343 to 344
Language of the Supreme Court, High Courts, and so on
The second-largest constitution of the world, the Indian Constitution has been amended 104 times, the latest being on 14th January 2019. It has a preamble and 470 total articles.
Among the 104 amendments, the 97th amendment brought some notable changes in the Indian constitution. It addressed the problems faced by the cooperative society and talked about bringing efficient methods to manage them.
The Union and its territory
Article 1- Name and territory of the union.
Article 2- Admission and Establishment of the new state.
Article 3- Formation of new states and alteration of areas, boundaries, and the name of existing states.
Article 4- Changes in the names of the states.
Citizenship
Articles from 5 to 11
Article 5 – Citizenship at the commencement of the constitution.
Article 6- Rights of citizenship of a certain person who has migrated to India from Pakistan.
Article 10- the continuance of rights of citizenship.
Article 11- Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law.
Fundamental Rights
Articles from 12 to 35
Article 12- Definition of the state
13- Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights.
14- equality before the law or equal protection of the laws within the territory of India.
Article 15 of the Indian Constitution- Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.
16- Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.
17- Abolition of untouchability.
18- Abolition of titles.
19 to 22- Freedom of speech and expression.
23 & 24- Right against exploitation, example- forced labour, human trafficking, child labour etc.
25 to 28- Freedom of religion.
29 to 30- Right to culture & education
31- Right to property. Though this is no longer a fundamental right but still a constitutional right.
Articles from 32 to 35- Right to seek justice from the Supreme Court.
Directive Principles of State Policy
Articles from 36 to 51
Article 36- Definition of state.
37- Application of the Directive Principle of states Policy
38- State to secure a social order for the promotion of the welfare of the people.
39- Principle of policies to be followed by the state.
40- Organisation of village panchayats.
41- Right to work, to education, and public assistance in certain cases.
42- Provision for justifiable working conditions.
43- Availability of work in a good environment.
43A- Involvement of the workers in the management of the company.
44- Uniform civil code for the citizens.
Article 45 of the Indian Constitution- Provision for free and compulsory education for children
46- Promotion of educational and economic interest of scheduled castes, ST, and OBC.
47- Duty of the State to improve the standard of living
48- Develop agriculture and animal husbandry.
49- Protection of historically or artistically important objects.
50- Separation of judiciary from the executive.
51- Promotion of international peace and security.
The Union Government
Articles from 52 to 151
Article 53- Executive Power of the union.
54- Election of President
Article 69- Oath or affirmation by the Vice-President.
66-Election of Vice-president.
72-Pardoning powers of the President.
79- Constitution of Parliament
80- Composition of Rajya Sabha.
81- Composition of Lok Sabha.
123- Powers of the President to promulgate Ordinances during recess of parliament.
141-Decision of the Supreme Court binding on all the courts.
The State Governments
Articles from 152 to 237
153- Governors of State
154 article of Indian constitution- Executive Powers of Governor.
213- Power of Governor to promulgate ordinances.
Article 214- High Courts for states.
226- Power of High Courts to issue certain rights.
The Union Territories
Articles from 239 to 242
239- Administration of Union territories.
240- Power of President to make regulations for certain Union territories.
241- High Courts for Union territories.
The Panchayats
Articles from 243 to 243 O
Article 243A- Gram Sabha
243B- Constitution of Panchayats
Article 266– Consolidated Fund and Public Accounts Fund
267– Contingency Fund of India
280– Finance Commission
300 A– Right to property
301– Freedom to trade, commerce, and intercourse
302– Power of Parliament to impose restrictions on trade, commerce, and intercourse.
320 – Functions of the Public Service Commission
324– Superintendence, direction and control of Elections to be vested in an Election Commission.
Article 340 – Appointment of a commission to investigate the conditions of backward classes
348 article of Indian Constitution– Languages to be used in the Supreme Court and the High Courts.
352– Proclamation of emergency (National Emergency)
356– President’s Rule
360– Financial Emergency
361– Protection of President and Governors
368– Powers of Parliaments to amend the constitution
Article 370– Special provision of J&K
371 A– Special provision concerning the State of Nagaland
371 J– Special Status for Hyderabad–Karnataka region.
The major difference between fundamental rights and directive principles is that the former one is justifiable and enforceable and the later one is non-justifiable and can not override fundamental rights.
Fundamental rights may prohibit the state from performing various things while the directive principles require/ allows the state to perform specific things.
Fundamental rights have the aim of establishing a democratic political situation in the country while the latter one focuses on establishing social and economical democracy in the country.
There were 7 fundamental rights in the Constitution of India before the 44th amendment of the Indian constitution in 1978. After this amendment, the right to property was removed.
This is a brief statement setting out guidelines for the people of the Nation and to present the principles mentioned in the Indian Constitution. This is also indicative of the derivation source of the authority. It also consists of the hopes and aspirations of the people.
WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens
JUSTICE, social, economic and political;
LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;
EQUALITY of status and opportunity;
and to promote among them all FRATERNITY
assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation;
IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this 26th day of November 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.
The Constitution of India is considered to be the supreme law of India. B.R Ambedkar is known to be the chief person behind this longest written document.
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How many parts, articles and schedules are there in the constitution of India? What are the salient features of the Indian constitution? Let’s find out.
